Students Learn to Derive Nonlocality from Fundamental Physics

Abstract

In everyday life, in smartphones, we use electromagnetic waves for telecommunication. These waves propagate at the velocity of light. Is telecommunication at superluminal velocity (at ) possible? Einstein (1907) wrote that no action can travel faster than light, as such action would imply a causality violation.

However, quantum physics includes actions that travel faster than light, see e. g. Einstein, Podolski and Rosen (1935). Accordingly, Einstein (1948) named such actions (at ) ‘spukhafte Fernwirkung’ or ‘spooky action at a distance’. But Aspect, Grangier and Roger (1982) provided such action at  in experiments with pairs of entangled photons. While this experiment demonstrates the seeming transfer of information at , delayed-choice experiments do additionally demonstrate the seeming transport of energy and matter at , see Jaques (2008) and Manning et al. (2015).

Do these actions at  violate the principle of causality? Does quantum gravity escape causality violation, as Hobson, Efstathiou and Lasenby hope (2006, p. 346)? Can such action at  be used in telecommunications and quantum computers?

These questions are answered with help of the dynamics of volume in nature, the volume dynamics, VD, see Carmesin (2023a). The VD bridge general relativity and quantum physics. For these results, we provide a learning process, so that you can directly use the concept in your courses. The learning process has been tested in various learning groups, and experiences are reported.